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Andrew Patterson
Pumped Storage Sector General Manager
As electricity demand surges and intermittent renewable generation introduces greater variability to power flows on the grid, the need for flexible, long-duration (20-30+ hours), dispatchable energy storage has never been more urgent.
Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) has delivered energy storage capacity and transmission benefits to the United States since the 1920s. Today, 43 PSH projects totaling 23 GW are operational nationwide, providing 97% of the country’s utility-scale energy storage.
By 2050, the U.S. will require an estimated 36 GW of new PSH capacity—more than double what exists today—to meet growing energy security and grid stability needs. However, realizing this potential is far from straightforward. PSH projects are among the most complex infrastructure undertakings—demanding not only technical excellence but, crucially, a foundation of trust, transparency, and collaboration among all delivery stakeholders.
Key Challenges Facing PSH Development
- Prolonged Development Timelines Introduce Additional Uncertainty:
- PSH projects take at least 4-5 years to develop (some have taken over a decade), far exceeding typical investment horizons, limiting the number and type of potential developers.
- Delays and cancellations have further eroded market confidence amid a dynamic policy environment.
- Costs and Complex Risks Create Investment Barriers:
- Multi-phase design, geotechnical investigations, permitting, and execution planning drive up development costs and risks.
- Potential investors and project champions are hesitant to enter the market due to high costs and risks.
- Misaligned Commercial Structures Undermine PSH’s Value:
- Despite PSH’s unmatched operational flexibility and lifecycle cost advantages, its unique risk profile (including significant underground, geotechnical, and integration risks) requires tailored commercial frameworks.
- Poorly aligned contracts can lead to inflated outturn costs through conservative assumptions, excessive contingencies, claims and resequencing, reduced engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) engagement, and financing challenges. Ultimately, this misalignment erodes trust, accountability, and the full potential value of PSH.
Prerequisites for Success: Partnership and Collaboration
Globally, PSH champions increasingly recognize that overcoming such barriers requires trust and transparent, proactive collaboration among developers, owners, engineers, contractors, and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). With a foundation of partnership in place, project teams are far better positioned to navigate complexity, accelerate delivery, and maximize value—truly operating as one team.
At Bechtel, we believe early investments in building trust and confidence among stakeholders are critical. Through the International Hydropower Association’s Working Group on De-risking Pumped Storage, we took a leading role in convening developers, owners, engineers, financiers, and policymakers to confront the unique risks associated with PSH and collaborate on practical, actionable strategies to address them.
The following recommendations outline how early alignment, thoughtful planning, and tailored commercial structures—grounded in trust and transparency—can help stakeholders unlock and successfully deliver PSH projects.
1. Select and Align with Partners Early
Stakeholder engagement is a cornerstone of effective project planning. Early stakeholder engagement is critical to avoid rework, delays, and misalignment. We recommend that project development establish a successful project culture from day one by including:
- Early vetting, selection, and alignment of key delivery partners—designers, contractors, OEMs, and insurers
- Experienced teams, proven processes, and deep lessons learned
At Bechtel, we deploy proven tools and processes to support early collaboration, such as:
- Safety and constructability reviews that optimize design for autonomous and semi-autonomous equipment (e.g., earthworks, tunnelling, and logistics). These reduce the number of personnel underground and near heavy equipment, eliminating safety hazards before they materialize.
- Mobile Equipment Personnel Interface (MEPI) plans tailored to each project to enhance safety and operational efficiency.
- Experienced teams and structured lessons learned, drawn from Bechtel’s extensive megaproject portfolio, to guide early decision making and de-risking.
2. Plan with Foresight and Efficiency
Given the long timelines and multi-billion-dollar budgets, PSH projects demand thoughtful, streamlined planning. To shorten development cycles and improve efficiency in planning, we recommend:
- A gated process for progressing design, planning for execution, and estimating
- Structured expert reviews across disciplines throughout the development
- Integrated planning to identify issues before they escalate
Bechtel’s PSH and Hydro Playbook brings together decades of lessons learned in megaproject delivery, along with our deep engineering and construction expertise in a structured, gated development process. We are also investing in digital and AI-supported design and construction planning, enabling earlier modelling of design and execution scenarios.
3. Align Commercial Structures with Project Realities
PSH projects require a tailored commercial model and should reflect the collaborative foundation of the project. We believe that successful commercial strategies share these key principles:
- Robust risk identification and assessment
- Balanced incentives
- Right-sized contingency planning
Transparent risk assessments and cost estimates help ensure project budgets are realistic and provide greater certainty of outcome. We advocate for models that utilize concepts such as target cost compensation and change provisions based on a Geotechnical Baseline Report—which build trust and accountability among all stakeholders.
Partnership is the Key to Unlocking PSH
PSH is foundational to the future of energy security and grid stability in the U.S. To unlock the next wave of PSH development, stakeholders must embrace a partnership-first approach. By building trust, aligning early, planning efficiently and robustly, and structuring contracts responsibly, we can deliver PSH projects that meet the needs of tomorrow’s grid and deliver lasting value to consumers.
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Andrew Patterson
Pumped Storage Sector General Manager